Advances in Brain-Computer Interfaces for Real-Time Monitoring and Regulation of Deep Brain Neurotransmitters

Abstract

This paper explores the application progress of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) in real-time monitoring and regulation of deep brain neurotransmitters, with a focus on key neurotransmitters such as dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), acetylcholine (ACh), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Long-term changes in neurotransmitter levels are closely related to cognitive function, learning, and mental health. Monitoring these changes can provide valuable insights into neurodegenerative diseases and guide personalized treatment strategies. BCIs, which enable direct interaction between the central nervous system and external devices, offer a promising approach to neurotransmitter regulation through neuromodulation techniques. Some invasive BCIs utilize highly sensitive biosensors, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and solid-contact potentiometric sensors, to achieve real-time detection of neurotransmitter fluctuations. These advances facilitate more precise treatment strategies, particularly in combination with deep brain stimulation (DBS) systems. However, challenges remain in improving biocompatibility, long-term stability, and multi-target monitoring. This paper reviews existing invasive interfaces for neurotransmitter detection, analyzes their advantages and limitations, and highlights the need for further research on adaptive neuromodulation systems. Future advancements in this field could enhance the precision of neurodegenerative disease treatment, promote the integration of BCIs with DBS, and contribute to the sustainable development of neurotechnology in medicine.