Biotechnological Advances in GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Development, Optimization, and Market Dynamics
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54097/7zncrb24Keywords:
GLP-1 receptor agonists; Type 2 diabetes; Protein engineering; Drug delivery systems; Biosimilars.Abstract
Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are consequential when managing obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). They regulate blood glucose level and body weight by simulating the function of natural GLP-1. Through interaction with GLP-1 receptors, GLP-1 agonists activate adenylate cyclase and further trigger downstream cascades such as protein kinase A and RAPEGEF4. This could ultimately inhibit the release of glucagon, and at the same time proliferating insulin, which would then lead to decelerated emptying of gastric system and accelerated sense of satiety. In recent years, advances in biopharmaceutical engineering, such as protein engineering and peptide synthesis, have improved the pharmacokinetic properties of GLP-1 agonists, including prolonging half-life, enhancing stability, and reducing dosing frequency, thereby improving patient compliance. In addition, innovation in biotechnology has driven the development of GLP-1 and biosimilar drugs. The current mainstream delivery methods include subcutaneous injection and oral medication, while new delivery systems such as nanoparticles and microneedle patches further optimize the stability and bioavailability of drugs. This article reviews the latest biotechnology progress, optimization methods, production processes, market trends and future trends of GLP-1 receptor agonists, aiming to provide insights into the future development of GLP-1 agonists in diabetes management, and explore their potential applications in personalized medicine and combination therapy.
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