Application of Insulin Glargine in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells, leading to insulin deficiency. Patients with T1DM require lifelong exogenous insulin therapy to maintain blood glucose homeostasis. Insulin glargine, a long-acting basal insulin analogue, plays a vital role in T1DM management by providing stable and prolonged insulin coverage. It effectively reduces blood glucose fluctuations, lowers glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, and minimizes the frequency of insulin administration, improving patients' quality of life. Additionally, combination therapy with insulin glargine and rapid-acting insulin mimics physiological insulin secretion, leading to better glycemic control and a reduced risk of long-term complications. However, challenges remain, including high production costs limiting accessibility in low-income regions, potential weight gain, and the persistent risk of hypoglycemia despite advancements such as Gla-300. Future research aims to address these limitations, enhance insulin glargine’s efficacy, and explore innovations such as artificial pancreas systems to further optimize T1DM treatment. The continuous development of insulin therapies offers promising prospects for improving patient outcomes and overall quality of life.